The Hardest Logic Puzzle Ever

I didn't even try to figure this one out, but I thought I'd post the puzzle, the solution, a very recent analysis of an error in the original puzzle, a fix to that, and an even more elegant solution to the fixed puzzle. I can barely follow the logic when it's in front of me -- I have to read it very, very slowly, and repeatedly!

But it's very interesting. Give it a try! If you solve it on your own, my hat is off to you.
  1. Original puzzle/solution.
  2. Very recent analysis, etc.
Another issue: if you can explain to me how an article with a publication date of April, 2008, can be available in February, 2008, I'll be even more impressed!